ANIMAL HUSBANDRY:
- The agricultural practice of breeding and raising livestock.
- Deals with care and breeding of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats etc.
- Extended form includes poultry farming and fisheries.
- Fisheries include rearing, catching selling etc. of fish, mollusks (shell fish) and crustaceans (prawns, crabs etc.)
Diary farm management:
- Dairying is the management of animals for milk and its products.
- Use of improved breed of cow such as Jersey.
- Well housed.
- Should have adequate water
- Maintained disease free
- Feeding should be scientific manner.
- Quantity and quality of fodder
- Stringent cleanliness and hygiene.
- Regular visit by a veterinary doctor would be mandatory.
Poultry farm management:
- Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) used for food and eggs.
- Selection of disease free and suitable breeds.
- The improved breed of poultry is Leghorn.
- Proper and safe farm conditions
- Proper feed and water
- Hygiene and health care.
Animal breeding:
- A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like general appearance, features size, configuration, etc, are said to be a breed.
- Inbreeding: crosses between same breed.
- Outbreeding: crosses between different breeds.
Inbreeding:
- Mating of more closely related individuals within the same breed for 4-6 generations.
- Superior male and female is identified and mated in pairs.
- Progeny obtained are evaluated and superior males and females among them are identified for further mating.
- More milk per lactation is the criteria for superior female for cow and buffalo. Superior male which gives rise to superior progeny.
- Inbreeding increases homozygosity.
- Inbreeding is necessary to create pure line in any animal.
- Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive gens that are eliminated by selection.
- Helpful in accumulation of superior genes.
- Continuous inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
Outbreeding:
- Out-breeding is the breeding of unrelated animals.
Out-crossing:
- Mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestor on either side of their pedigree upto 4-6 generations.
- Offsprings of such mating is called out-cross.
- A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
Cross-breeding:
- Superior male of one breed are mated with superior female of another breed.
- It allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined.
- Hisardaleis a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams.
Interspecific hybridization:
- Male and female of two different species are mated.
- The progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents.(mule)
Artificial insemination:
- Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using artificial insemination.
- The semen is collected from the male and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
- The semen collected may be used immediately or can be frozen for later use. The semen can be transported in a frozen form to where the female is housed.
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology:
- It is used to improve chances of successful production of hybrids.
- Cow is administered hormones with FSH-like activity
- induce follicular maturation and super ovulation
- Production of 6-8 eggs instead of one egg per cycle.
- The female is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated.
- Non-surgical recovery of fertilized eggs at 8-32 cells stages.
- Each one transferred to surrogate mother.
- The genetic mother is available for another round of super ovulation.
- This technology is used to increase herd size in a short time.
Bee – keeping:
- Bee-keeping is called apiculture.
- It includes maintenance of hives of honeybees for production of honey.
- Honey is a food of high nutritive values and also used as medicine.
- Honey bees also produce beeswax which has many used in industry, like preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds.
- Bee-keeping practiced in area with sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs, fruit orchards and cultivated crops.
- Apis indica is most common species used in apiculture.
- The following points are important for successful bee-keeping:
- Knowledge of the nature and habits of bees.
- Selection of suitable location for keeping the beehives.
- Catching and hiving of swarms (group of bees)
- Management of beehives during different seasons.
- Handling and collection of honey and of beeswax.
- Bees are the pollinator for many plants, hence keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period, increases pollination and improve honey yield.
CBSE Biology (Chapter Wise) Class XII ( By Mr. Hare Krushna Giri )
Email Id : [email protected]
