REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH – PROBLEM AND STRATERIES:
- The programme “family planning” initiated in 1951.
- Reproductive and child health care (ACH)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
- Amniocentesis: A fetal sex determination test based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.
- ‘Saheli’ an oral contraceptive for female, developed by CDRI.
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND BIRTH CONTROL:
- Increased health facilities, better living conditions are the cause of population explosion.
- Out of 6 billion world population 1 billion are Indians.
- Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortalility rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are major cause of population growth.
- Indian population growth rate is around 1.7 percent.
Characteristics of ideal contraceptive.
- User friendly.
- Easily available.
- Effective
- Nor or least side – effects.
- No way interferes with sexual drive.
BIRTH CONTROL METHODS:
Natural methods:
work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting.
Periodic abstinence:
- Avoid or abstain from coitus form day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
- Chance of fertilization is very high in this period.
- It is called fertile period.
Withdrawal or coitus interruption:
- The male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation, so as to avoid insemination into the vagina.
Lactational amenorrhea:
- No menstruation during lactation period.
- Chance of fertilization is nil.
- It is effective upto six month.
Barrier methods:
- Principle of working: prevents physical meeting of sperm and ovum.
- Such methods available both for male and female.
Condoms:
- Barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath.
- Used to cover the penis in male or vagina and cervix in the female.
- Used just before coitus so that semen not entered into the female reproductive tract.
- Male and female condoms are disposable.
- Prevents AIDS and STDs.
Diaphragm, cervical caps and vaults:
- Barriers made of rubber.
- Inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix.
- Prevents conception by blocking the entry of sperm through cervix.
- They are reusable.
Intra Uterine Devices:
- These devices are only used by female.
- Inserted by doctor or by expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
- Non-medicated IUDs e.g. Lippes loop.
- Copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375)
- Hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20)
Principle of working:
- Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.
- Cu ion released suppresses sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm.
- Hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperm.
Oral contraceptives:
- This methods used by female only.
- Used in the form of tablets hence popularly called pills.
- Pills contain progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combination.
- Pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days.
- Started within first five days of menstruation.
- Pills are very effective with lesser side effect.
- Saheli- a non steroidal preparation used as oral contraceptive pills.
Principle of working:
- Inhibit ovulation.
- Inhibit implantation.
- Alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
Injections or implants:
- Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen used as injections or implants under the skin by female.
- Mode of action is similar as in pills
- It is very effective for long periods.
Emergency contraceptives:
- These methods are used within 72 hours of coitus, rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
- Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combination.
- Use of IUDs.
Surgical methods:
- It is also called as sterilization method.
- Advised to both male and female partner.
- Permanent or terminal method to prevent pregnancy.
- Sterilization process in male is called ‘vasectomy,
- Sterilization process in female is called ‘Tubectomy’
- In vasectomy, a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up.
- In Tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed.
- Reversibility is very poor.
CBSE Biology (Chapter Wise) Class XII ( By Mr. Hare Krushna Giri )
Email Id : [email protected]
