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Q. 7. What does ‘foundational challenge’ of democracy involve? 1

Ans. ‘Foundational challenge’ of Democracy: It relates to making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. It involves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling the government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

Q. 8. Why is it that income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services, that citizens are able to use? Give one example. 1

Ans. Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services, that citizens are able to use. Quality of life also depends on non-material things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others etc. For example, a person may be in a job which gives him a high pay, but there is no security in his job and leaves him with no time for family. So, in this case, high income is not important as the person has no sense of security and freedom.

Q. 9. Amongst Kerala, Bihar and Punjab, which one has highest per capita income? 1

Ans. Punjab.

Q. 10. Give two examples of renewable resources. ½+½=1

Ans. Renewable resources: Wind, water resources.

Q. 11. Analyse the reasons for the formation of Swaraj Party. 3

Ans. In February, 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non- Cooperation Movement, as he felt that it was turning violent and that the satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggle. Some leaders within the Congress were tired of mass struggle by then and wanted to participate in elections to the Provincial Councils. They wanted to oppose British policies within the Councils, argue for reforms and also demonstrate that these Councils were not truly democratic. C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru were two leaders who formed the Swaraj Party with the aim to fight elections and participate in Council politics..

Q. 12. Explain the reasons for relaunching the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji. 3

Ans. Gandhiji entered into a pact with Viceroy Irwin on 5th March 1931. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Second Round Table Conference and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. In December, 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Conference but the negotiations failed and he returned disappointed.
On returning, he realised that the government had begun a new cycle of repression, Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Thus, with great apprehension, Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Note : - Below are given three groups - A, B and C for questions number 13 and 14. Select any one group for answering these two questions.

Group A

Q. 13. Explain how Europeans overcame the problem of shortage of labour willing to work for wages in Africa. 3×1=3

Ans. European employers used many methods to recruit and retain labour in Africa. They overcame the problem of shortage of labour in the following ways:
(i) Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines. (ii) Inheritance Laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land: only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
(iii) Mine workers were confined in compounds and were not allowed to move about freely.

Q. 14. Explain the circumstances in the 17th and 18th centuries which made the merchants of Europe shift their interest from towns to countryside. 3×1=3

Ans. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. Reasons:
See Q. 1, Additional Questions, Chapter 5. [Page H-44

Social Science 2009 Question Papers Class X
Delhi		Outside Delhi		Compartment Delhi		Outside Delhi		Foreign
	Set 1 (PDF)		Set 1 (PDF)		Set 1		Set 1		Set 1 (PDF)
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					Set 3		Set 3