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Ans. Mills and factories attracted a large number of migrants to industrial cities (Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, London). By 1851, it was noticed that more than three quarters of the adult population of Manchester was of migrants. The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of the workers:
(i) The actual possibility of getting a job depended on social connections. One was more likely to get a job only if one had a relative or a friend working in a factory.
(ii) Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters.
(iii) Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work for many and after the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again.
(iv) A social survey conducted by Charles Booth (a Liverpool ship owner) brought to light that about 1 million Londoners were very poor and expected to live only up to the age of 29.

Q. 12. Explain giving three reasons, how women gradually lost their industrial jobs due to technological development, during the early nineteenth century in Britain. 3×1=3

Ans. Factories employed large number of women in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
(i) With technological developments women gradually lost their industrial jobs and were forced to work within the households.
(ii) As women lost their industrial jobs, they were forced to work as domestic servants in London. Things became even more difficult when conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces. Women were forced to withdraw into their homes.
(iii) Employment of the male members was given priority over female members of the family.
All the above mentioned reasons forced the women to withdraw from the public space.

Group C

Q. 11. How did India play a crucial role in the nineteenth century world economy? Explain with examples. 3×1=3

Ans. Foodgrain and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. The value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Thus Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ with India. By helping Britain balance its deficits with other countries, India played a crucial role in the late nineteenth century world economy. Britain’s trade surplus with India also helped to pay the so-called ‘home charges’ that included private remittances home by British officials and traders, interest payments on India's external debts and pensions of British officials in India.

Q. 12. Why did the people begin to recognise the need of housing for the poor after industrialisation in Britain? Explain three reasons. 3×1=3

Ans. See Q.6, Textbook Questions, Chapter 6. [Page H-50

Q. 13. “By the end of the 19th century a new visual culture was taking shape.” Write any three features of this new visual culture. 3×1=3

Ans. The print culture was the new visual culture taking shape by the end of the 19th century. The growing demand for books was met with the help of technological improvements in printing. Print material was available in the form of newspapers, magazines, journals etc.
(i) Earlier reading was restricted to the elite but advancement in print culture helped in the production of books on a large scale and for a cheaper price. Books could now reach the economically weaker sections too.
(ii) It helped in increasing the literacy rate in most parts of Europe.
(iii) Printed material carried combined information about current affairs alongwith entertainment, information about wars and trade as well as news of developments in other places. Printed material also carried the ideas of scientists and philosophers to the common people.

Or

How was the involvement of women, the most important event of the novel in the 18th century?

Ans. See Q. 1(a), Textbook Questions, Chapter 8. [Page H-67

Q. 14. Study the following data carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Social Science 2008 Question Papers Class X
Delhi		Outside Delhi		Compartment Delhi		Compartment Outside Delhi
	All Sets(PDF)				Set 1		Set 1
					Set 2		Set 2
					Set 3		Set 3