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Q. 12. Explain the reasons for relaunching the Civil Disobedience Movement by Gandhiji. 3

Ans. Gandhiji entered into a pact with Viceroy Irwin on 5th March 1931. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Second Round Table Conference and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. In December, 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Conference but the negotiations failed and he returned disappointed.
On returning, he realised that the government had begun a new cycle of repression, Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts.
Thus, with great apprehension, Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Note : - Below are given three groups - A, B and C for questions number 13 and 14. Select any one group for answering these two questions.

Group A

Q. 13. Explain how Europeans overcame the problem of shortage of labour willing to work for wages in Africa. 3×1=3

Ans. European employers used many methods to recruit and retain labour in Africa. They overcame the problem of shortage of labour in the following ways:
(i) Heavy taxes were imposed which could be paid only by working for wages on plantations and mines. (ii) Inheritance Laws were changed so that peasants were displaced from land: only one member of a family was allowed to inherit land, as a result of which the others were pushed into the labour market.
(iii) Mine workers were confined in compounds and were not allowed to move about freely.

Q. 14. Explain the circumstances in the 17th and 18th centuries which made the merchants of Europe shift their interest from towns to countryside. 3×1=3

Ans. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. Reasons:
See Q. 1, Additional Questions, Chapter 5. [Page H-44

Group B

Q. 13. Explain the impact of the Great Depression on U.S. 3×1=3

Ans. See Q. 6(iii), Additional Questions, Chapter 4. [Page H-34

Q. 14. Explain the land reclamation process in Bombay (Mumbai). 3×1=3

Ans. The need for additional commercial space in the mid-nineteenth century led to the formulation of several plans, both by the government and private companies, for the reclamation of more land from the sea. In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. Reclamation also often meant the levelling of hills around Bombay. By the 1870s, the city of Bombay (Mumbai) had expanded to about 22 square miles.

As population continued to increase rapidly in the early twentieth century, every bit of available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.

The Bombay Port Trust built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918, and used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate. Subsequently, the famous Marine Drive was also developed.

Social Science 2009 Question Papers Class X
Delhi		Outside Delhi		Compartment Delhi		Outside Delhi		Foreign
	Set 1 (PDF)		Set 1 (PDF)		Set 1		Set 1		Set 1 (PDF)
					Set 2		Set 2
					Set 3		Set 3