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Biology (Heredity and Evolution)

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Heredity and Evolution

1. Evolution :

  1. What is the name given to the sequence of gradual changes occurring over a period of million of years?
  2. What do you mean by ‘Organic Evolution’?
  3. Who wrote the book ‘Philosohique Zoologique’? Explain his theory of organic evolution.
  4. What do you mean by: Vestigial organs, Analogous organs, Homologous organs? Give one example each. How do they provide proof of evolution?
  5. Name any two organs that are homologous to human hand. To which category of organs would you place the wings of bird and wings of insects
  6. State the Biogenetic law? What does it explain?
  7. A chimpanzee can hold objects by its hands and an elephant by its trunk. Are the two organs analogous or homologous? Explain.
  8. Explain any three evidences that support evolution.
  9. Justify the statement “Ontogeny regulates phylogeny.
  10. Which is the most accepted theory of evolution and what does it suggest about origin of species?
  11. What clue does the fossil archaeopteryx provide about evolution?
  12. Name the scientist who gave the theory of Natural selection.
  13. Mention briefly the salient features of a) Lamarck’s theory b) Darwin’s Theory

2. Heredity :

a. Chromosome :

  1. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in Human beings
  2. Which organ in human beings produces Haploid cells through division of diploid cells?
  3. What are Haploid and Diploid cells?
  4. What do you mean by Karyotyping? How is it done? How is the study of kayotypes useful? Give an example.
  5. A karyotype of a female organism shows 20 pairs of Chromosomes. How many chromosomes will you find in the egg and Why?
  6. What is the cause of Down’s syndrome?
  7. How are inherited disorders explained?
  8. What is the name given to the set of unpaired chromosomes of an organism?
  9. What are the components of Chromosome?
  10. Name the type of chromosome in which the centromere is near the middle and the two arms are almost equal in length.
  11. What are the similarities in the genes and chromosomes?
  12. What similarities were found between the genes and Mendel’s factors?
  13. What is a Retrovirus? Give examples.
  14. What is a gene? What is its function in human beings?
  15. Explain with diagram the structure of different types of chromosomes.
  16. Write the features of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic chromosomes.

b. Sex determination and Genetic Engineering:

  1. What is Genetic Engineering? What do you mean by GMO/transgenic organism?
  2. Explain the mechanism of sex determination in human beings.
  3. Name the type of chromosome present in: human male and human female. What will be the sex of the child if a sperm carrying ‘Y’ chromosome fertilizes the egg?
  4. Give example of some animals where sex determination is regulated by the environmental factors.

c. DNA:

  1. What type of structure does DNA have? Who proposed this structure? Name the scientists who provided proof for the DNA as a genetic material.
  2. What are the three chemically essential parts of the nucleotides constituting a DNA? How many nitrogenous bases are present in a nucleotide?
  3. What are the various components of DNA?

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